Geometrische Transformationen:

• Translation: [x' y' 1] = [x y 1] × [[1 0 tx], [0 1 ty], [0 0 1]]
• Rotation: [x' y'] = [x y] × [[cos(θ) -sin(θ)], [sin(θ) cos(θ)]]
• Spiegelung (X-Achse): [x' y'] = [x y] × [[1 0], [0 -1]]
• Spiegelung (Y-Achse): [x' y'] = [x y] × [[-1 0], [0 1]]
• Skalierung: [x' y'] = [x y] × [[sx 0], [0 sy]]
• Shear: [x' y'] = [x y] × [[1 kx], [ky 1]]